BEHAVIOUR OF Fe-Ni-C ALLOY DOPED WITH HYDROGEN IN THE PHASE
نویسنده
چکیده
1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n . The i n f L u e n c e o f c a r b o n c o n t e n t and t i m e r e l a t e d par a m e t e r s on t h e i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n b e h a v i o u r ( b e t w e e n room t e m p e r a t u r e and 77 K) o f Fe-Ni-C a l l o y s w i t h s u b z e r o M s t e m p c i a t u r e h a s a l r e a d y been s t u d i e d i n t h e 100 H z f r e q u e n c y r a n g e ( C a r r a r d and c o w o r k e r s , 1977) and i n t h e 1 H z f r e q u e n c y r a n g e ( P r i o u l and C a r r a r d , 1 9 7 9 ) . E v e n t h o u g h some a s p e c t s a r e s t i l l d i s c u s s e d ( P r i o u l and C a r r a r d , 1981) t h e p h y s i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n b e h a v i o u r o b s e r v e d i n t h e (77-300) K t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e c a n now be c o n s i d e r e d a s w e l l 2 s t a b l i s h e d . From t h i s knowledge we f o c u s s e d o u r a t t e n t i o n on t h e i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n behaviour o f h y d r o g e n c h a r g e d Fe-Ni-C a l l o y s ( i n t h e y p h a s e ) , i n o r d e r t o h a v e a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e e f f e c t o f h y d r o g e n f r o m b o t h t e c h n i c a l and a c a d e m i c p o i n t s o f v i e w . I n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n b e h a v i o u r o f Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-C a l l o y s doped w i t h h y d r o p e n h a v e n e v e r b e e n s t u d i e d a s f a r a s we know. N e v e r t h e l e s s s e v e r a l p a p e r s h a v e b e e n p u b l i s h e d u s i n g o t h e r e x p e r i m e n t a l m e t h o d s . Thus , f rom room t e m p e r a t u r e e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l e x p e r i m e n t s Beck a n d cow o r k e r s ( 1 9 7 1 ) h a v e d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t D f a l l s f rom a b o u t 1 0 ~ c r n ~ / s f o r p u r e i r o n t o a b o u t 1 0 ~ ~ c m ~ / s f o r Fe-40% N i ( i n w e i g h t ) . T h o s e v a l u e s r e s e ~ b l e c l o s e l y t h e r e s u l t s o f D r e s l e r and F r o h b e r g ( 1 9 7 3 ) f o r a Fe-30% N i ( 5 . 1 0 ~ c m ~ / s a t 58OC) and t h e v a l u e s g i v e n i n t h e l i t t e r a t u r e f o r N i ( C o m b e t t e and Azou, 1 9 7 0 ) . The s o l u b i l i t y c r i s e s by a b o u t l o 3 b e t w e e n p u r e i r o n and Fe-40% N i (Beck and c o w o r k e r s , 1 9 7 1 ) , t h e n r e m a i n s c o n s t a n t up t o p u r e n i c k e l . Between 0 and 30-40% N i t h e d o m i n a n t f a c t o r w h i c h c o n t r o l s t h e v a l u e of D and c i s t h e f a l l of t h e mole f r a c t i o n of t h e a ( b . c . c . ) p h a s e i n t h e a l l o y c o u n t e r b a l a n c e d by t h e r i s e of t h e y ( f . c . c . ) p h a s e . Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1981529 C5188 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE S i n c e i t i s m o r e s o l u b l e i n a u s t e n i t e t h a n i n m a r t e n s i t e h y d r o g e n i s a l s o e x p e c t e d t o i n c r e a s e t h e t h e r m o d y n a m i c s t a b i l i t y o f a u s t e n i t e . A c c o r d i n g t o M a u l i k a n d B u r k e ( 1 9 7 5 ) n o s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on t h e Y s t e m p e r a t u r e o f Fe-Ni a l l o y i s o b s e r v e d a f t e r room t e m p e r a t u r e c a t h o d i c c h a r g i n g e v e n i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f p o i s o n ( NaAs02) . T h i s r e s u l t d o e s n o t a g r e e w i t h o b s e r v a t i o n s o f R a m a c h a n d r a n a n d D a s a r a t h y ( 1 9 6 1 ) i n Fe-C b a s e s t e e l s a n d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s o f A b d e l h a d i ( 1 9 7 6 ) on Fe-Ni-C a l l o y s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , c a t h o d i c c h a r g i n g ( b e l o w t h e Md t e m p e r a t u r e ) o f a n a u s t e n i t i c s t r u c t u r e c a n p r o d u c e l a r g e a m o u n t s o f a m a r t e n s i t e i n Fe -Ni ( M a u l i k a n d B u r k e , 19753 a n d i n Fe-Ni-C a l l o y s ( A b d e l h a d i , 1 9 7 6 ) . T h e p h a s e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o c c u r i n g d u r i n g c a t h o d i c h y d r o g e n c h a r g i n g a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i s p r o b a b l y V ' s t r a i n i n d u c e d " . I n t h a t c a s e t h e s t r a i n i s i n d u c e d b y t h e d e f o r m a t i o n r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e g a s u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s o f h i g h s u r f a c e s u p e r s a t u r a t i o n a n d low d i f f u s i v i t y . T h i s b r i e f r e v i e w o f c u r r e n t k n o w l e d g e a b o u t t h e e f f e c t of hydrogen o n t h e b e h a v i o u r o f Fe-Ni a n d Fe-Ni-C a l l o y s s h o w s t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f t h e p h e n o m e n a when h y d r o g e n i s p r e s e n t . A l s o i t a p p e a r s t h a t h y d r o g e n c h a r g i n g m u s t b e c a r r i e d o u t a t t e m p e r a t u r e s a s h i g h a s p o s s i b l e , b u t a v o i d i n g s u c h p h e n o m e n a a s g r a p h i t i s a t i o n ( C a r r a r d a n d c o w o r k e r s , l 9 7 3 j a n d d e c a r b u r i s a t i o n . We s h a l l p r e s e n t t h i s s t u d y i n two p a r t s . I n t h e f i r s t p a r t we s h a l l p r e s e n t m e t h o d s a n d r e s u l t s c o n n e c t e d w i t h h y d r o g e n c h a r g i n g . T h e s e c o n d p a r t i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h a q u a l i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f h y d r o g e n e f f e c t s o n i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n b e h a v i o u r . 2 . M a t e r i a l . Two Fe-Ni-C a l l o y s w e r e u s e d f o r t h i s s tudy .The t reatment o f t h e s p e c i m e n s was t h e same a s t h e o n e d e s c r i b e d by P r i o u l a n d C a r r a r d ( 1 9 8 1 3 a n d l e a d s t o a n e n t i r e l y y s t r u c t u r e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e a l l o y s u s e d f o r h y d r o g e n c h a r g i n g , a b r e v i a t e d t o A ( 0 . 3 4 % C ; 2 7 . 2 1 % N i ; 0 . 5 3 % Mn ; 0 . 3 8 % S i ; 0 .020X P i n w e i g h t ) a n d f o r i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s , a b r e v i a t e d t o B ( 0 . 4 1 % C ; 2 4 . 2 0 % N i ; 0 . 2 7 % Mn ; 0 . 3 3 % S i ; 0 . 0 1 1 % P ) h a v e aMs t e m p e r a t u r e c l o s e t o 2 1 5 a n d 225 K f o r b o t h t h e A a n d B a l l o y s . 3 . H y d r o g e n c h a r g i n g . I n o r d e r t o a v o i d h y d r o g e n i n d u c e d p h a s e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a n d m i c r o c r a c k i n g a s p o i n t e d o u t i n t h e f i r s t p a r t o f t h i s p a p e r , h y d r o g e n c h a r g i n g was c o n d u c t e d a t t e m p e r a t u r e s a b o v e room t e m p e r a t u r e . Ne u s e d a new m e t h o d d e s c r i b e d by Chene ( 1 9 7 7 ) w h i c h c o n s i s t s o f c a t h o d i c h y d r o g e n a t i o n i n h o t m o l t e n s a l t s . The e l e c t r o l y t e i s a e u t e c t i c m i x t u r e o f NaHS04-H20 ( 5 7 % ) a n d KHS04 (432 : w h i c h c a n b e u s e d b e t w e e n 3 9 8 a n d 5 2 3 K . T h e b a t h t e m p e r a t u r e i s t h e r m o s t a t i c a l l y c o n t r o l l e d b y a s e p a r a t e c i r c u i t o f o i l . The e l e c t r o l y t i c c e l l i s c l o s e d a n d s t e a m i s c o n d e n s e d i n t h e u p p e r p a r t i n o r d e r t o a v o i d a n d o v e r r a p i d d e h y d r a t i o n o f t h e m o l t e n s a l t s s o l u t i o n . The h y d r o g e n c h a r g i n g i s d o n e a t a c o n s t a n t p o t e n t i a l by u s i n g a t w o e l e c t r o d e s y s t e m . T h e p o t e n t i a l o f t h e s a m p l e i s m e a s u r e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o a n A ~ / A ~ + e l e c t r o d e s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e s a m p l e . The c u r r e n t n e c e s s a r y t o h o l d t h i s p o t e n t i a l a t a c o n s t a n t v a l u e i s c o n t r o l l e d b y a n e l e c t r o n i c p o t e n t i o s t a t t h r o u g h a n a u x i l i a r y e l e c t r o d e ( a c y l i n d e r o f P t n e t t i n g b e i n g p l a c e d r o u n d t h e s a m p l e ) . U n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s t h e a n o d i c a n d c a t h o d i c r e a c t i o n s a r e e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e e l e c t r o l y s i s o f t h e w a t e r i n t h e b a t h . D i f f e r e n t e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l c o n d i t i o n s w e r e t e s t e d ( c h a r g i n g p o t e n t i a l s f r o m 2 000 t o -800mV o f d u r a t i o n b e t w e e n 1 a n d 3 0 h , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e b a t h b e i n g i n t h e ( 4 0 0 5 0 0 ) K r a n g e ) . A d e t a i l e d s t u d y o f t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d w i l l b e p u b l i s h e d s u b s e q u e n t l y . N e v e r t h e l e s s i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o n o t i c e t h a t a f t e r h y d r o g e n c h a r g i n g u n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s : n o p h a s e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n w a s d e t e c t e d b y m e t a l l o g r a p h i c e x a m i n a t i o n : t h e M s t e m p e r a t u r e w a s l o w e r e d ; a n a v e r a g e g a s e s c o n t e n t i n t h e s a m p l e o f 5 t o 15 ppm ( i n w e i g h t ) w a s m e a s u r e d i n t h e y s t a t e by d e s o r p t i o n ( 1 . 4 x l 0 ~ ~ a s c a l , l 000 K). Masss p e c t r o m e t r y o f t h e d e s o r b e d g a s e s r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e s e g a s e s a r e m a i n l y h y d r o g e n ; o u t g a s i n g t h e a' s t r u c t u r e ( a f t e r q u e n c h i n g t h e y s t r u c t u r e a t 7 7 K) r e v e a l s a l o w e r h y d r o g e n c o n t e n t t h a n o u t g a s i n g t h e y s t r u c t u r e . 4 . I n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n b e h a v i o u r . I n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n a n d f r e q u e n c y meas u r e m e n t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d o n a n a u t o m a t i c i n v e r t e d t o r s i o n p e n d u l u m m a n u f a c t u r e d a t t h e l a b o r a t o r y a n d r e c e n t l y c o n n e c t e d t o a m i c r o c o m p u t e r ( P r i o u l a n d c o w o r k e r s , 1 9 8 1 ) . We u s e d c y l i n d r i c a l s p e c i m e n s ( d i a m e t e r 3 m m , u s e f u l l e n g t h 50mm) a n c h o r e d by t w o t h r e a d e d h e a d s ( d i a m e t e r 6mm, l e n g t h 15mm). A f t e r a n i n s i t u q u e n c h i n g t o 7 7 K ( c o o l i n g r a t e 1 . 5 K / m i n ) a n d a m a i n t e n a n c e f o r o n e h o u r a t 7 7 K, t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d d u r i n g r e h e a t i n g ( h e a t i n g r a t e 1 . 5 K J m i n ) . T h e s t r a i n a m p l i t u d e d u r i n g m e a s u r e m e n t s w a s i e s s t h a n ~ ~ = 5 x 1 0 ~ a n d u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c i f i e d t e s t f r e q u e n c y w a s 1 . 5 Hz. H y d r o g e n c h a r g i n g o f a l l o y B u s e d f o r i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s , w a s made u n d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s : p o t e n t i a l -1 OOOmV, t e m p e r a t u r e 405K, d u r a t i o n 1 6 h . A f t e r s u c h i m p r e g n a t i o n t h e h y d r o g e n c o n t e n t was a b o u t 1 0 ppm. The s a m p l e s d o p e d w i t h h y d r o g e n w e r e h e l d f o r a b o u t h a l f on h o u r a t room t e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r c h a r g i n g . i n o r d e r t o s e t up t h e e x p e r i m e n t . C5190 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE I n f i g . 1 we i l l u s t r a t e t h e e f f e c t o f h y d r o g e n on i n t e r n a l f r i c 1 t i o n Q and r e l a t i v e f r e q u e n c y ( F F o ) / F o e v o l u t i o n s . T h e s e a r e p l o t t e d v e r s u s t e m p e r a t u r e d u r i n g t h e h e a t i n g o f t h e s a m p l e s f r o m t h e 77K r e c e n t l y q u e n c h e d s t a t e up t o 300K. Fo e q u a l s F(77K) m e a s u r e d a t t h e b e e i n n i n g o f e a c h e x p e r i m e n t . 288 TEMPERATURE (K) , , 3 A c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n h y d r o g e n c h a r g e d s p e c i m e n s ( c u r v e s I , ] ' ) 1 a n d h y d r o g e n f r e e s p e c i m e n s 2 ( c u r v e s 2 , 2 ' ) shows t h a t : a new i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n p e a k ( c a l l e d @) p e a k j a p p e a r s a t 150K f o r a 1 . 4 Hz t e s t f r e q u e n c y i n h y d r o g e n c h a r g e d s p e c i m e n s . A f r e q u e n c y anomal y i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s p e a k . t h e main maximum @) i s s h i f t e d f r o m 215 t o about: 205K i n t h e c a s e o f t h e h y d r o g e n c h a r g e d s p e c i m e n . The a m p l i t u d e of t h i s maximum r e u f m a i n s c o n s t a n t . a l l the i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n c u r v e i s s h i f t e d t o w a r d s l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e s . The e f f e c t of h y d r o g e n on t h e @ anomaly w i l l n o t b e d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s s t u d y . T h i s anomaly h a s b e e n c o r r e l a t e d t o a r e h e a t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n a p r e v i o u s p a p e r ( P r i o u l and c o w o r k e r s , 1 9 7 9 ) . A f i r s t h e a t i n g o f a h y d r o g e n a t e d s p e c i m e n ( F i g . 2 , c u r v e s 1 , l ' ) was s t o p p e d a t 170K and t h e s p e c i m e n was c o o l e d down t o 77K. A s e c o n d h e a t i n g of t h e same s p e c i m e n ( c u r v e s 2 , 2 ' ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t b o t h t h e @ peak and t h e c o r r e l a t e d f r e q u e n c y anomaly a r e s t i l l p r e s e n t ; o n l y p e a k h e i g h t i s r e d u c e d . A t h i r d h e a t i n g of t h e same h y d r o g e n a t e d s p e c i m e n , ( 1 ) i n t h i s p a p e r c u r v e s 1 , 2 , . . . a r e a s s i g n e d t o i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n e v o l u t i o n s , w h e r e a s c u r v e s 1 ' , 2 ' , . . . a r e a s s i g n e d t o frequency evolutions. ( 2 ) f o r d e t a i l l e d s t u d i e s o f @ anomaly a n d @maximum s e e r e s p e c t i v e l y P r i o u l and C a r r a r d ( 1 9 7 9 ) .and P r i o u l and C a r r a r d ( 1 9 8 1 ) . c o n t i n u o u s h e a t i n g f r o m 77 t o 300K c u r v e s I , 1 ' c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o h y d r o 6 . . . . g e n a t e d s p e c i m e n c u r v e s 2 . 2 ' c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o h y d r o 5 _ -2 gen f r e e s p e c i m e n . 4 . : $ -3 * : %\ n B 2 .2 \ .<! 2 -2
منابع مشابه
Dependence of phase configurations, microstructures and magnetic properties of iron-nickel (Fe-Ni) alloy nanoribbons on deoxidization temperature in hydrogen
Iron-nickel (Fe-Ni) alloy nanoribbons were reported for the first time by deoxidizing NiFe2O4 nanoribbons, which were synthesized through a handy route of electrospinning followed by air-annealing at 450 °C, in hydrogen (H2) at different temperatures. It was demonstrated that the phase configurations, microstructures and magnetic properties of the as-deoxidized samples closely depended upon the...
متن کاملElectronic Structure and Reactivity of TM-Doped La1-xSrxCoO3 (TM=Ni, Fe) Heterogeneous Catalysts
The catalytic properties of LaCoO3 in aqueous oxidation are explored as a function of doping. Both Sr substitution for La and Fe/Ni substitution for Co are studied. The reaction of interest is the aqueous epoxidation of crotyl alcohol with hydrogen peroxide. The reaction products are measured using GC, and the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is studied using the volume of oxygen evolved duri...
متن کاملStructure of the secondary phase and its effects on hydrogen-storage properties in a Ti Zr V Ni alloy
The phase structures and hydrogen storage properties of a Ti Zr V Ni alloy are studied. It is found that this alloy consists of a 0.7 0.2 0.1 matrix and a secondary phase. The matrix is a B2-type compound with bcc structure and the secondary phase is a C14-type Laves phase with hexagonal structure. This alloy electrode has a larger charge–discharge capacity than stoichiometric TiNi electrodes b...
متن کاملاثر آلایش Ni و Fe در ترکیب ابررسانای YBCO ساخته شده به روش سل ـ ژل
We fabricated YBa2Cu3-xMxO7- d (M=Ni, Fe) bulk samples, with stochiometric amount 0≤x≤0.045 by sol-gel method. The phase analysis and microstructure of specimens were examined by XRD and SEM. The electrical resistivity was measured using standard four probe technique for 77-300K. Investigation of XRD spectrum by MAUD shows Ni and Fe ions substitute in Cu(2) and Cu(1) site, respectively. Transi...
متن کاملاثر زمان آسیاکاری و افزودن آلیاژ Ce-75Ni 25 بر خواص واجذب هیدروژن کامپوزیت پایه هیدرید منیزیم تولیدی بهروش آلیاژسازی مکانیکی
In this study, the composite material with composition of MgH2-10 wt% (25Ce-75Ni) has been prepared by co-milling of magnesium hydride powder with Ce-Ni alloy produced by vacuum arc remelting method. The effect of milling time and additive on magnesium hydride structure, i.e. crystallite size, lattice strain and particle size, and also hydrogen desorption properties of obtained composite were e...
متن کاملElectroless Deposition of Ni-Cu-P Alloy on 304 Stainless Steel by Using Thiourea and Gelatin as Additives and Investigation of Some Properties of Deposits
In this research a layer of Ni-Cu-P was deposited on 304 stainless steels by using gelatin and thiourea as additives in a sulfate solution. In order to determine the properties of deposited layers, a microhardness tester was used for microhardness measurement, X.R.D. for microstructural analysis, and a scanning electron microscope equipped with E.D.X. for determining morphology and analyzing th...
متن کامل